Aspectos neurofisiológicos da musculatura facial visando a reabilitação na paralisia facial
Neurophysiologic aspects of the facial musculature aiming at rehabilitation of Facial Paralysis
Adriana Tessitore; Leopoldo Nisan Pflesticker; Jorge Rizzato Paschoal
Resumo
Objetivo: revisão teórica dos aspectos e particularidades neurofisiológicas relevantes da musculatura orofacial, visando a reabilitação na paralisia facial periférica.
Métodos: revisão da literatura sobre neuro-anatomofisiologia da musculatura orofacial mediante pesquisa dos artigos dos periódicos nacionais e internacionais e nos livros científicos sobre o tema, no período entre 1995 a 2005.
Resultados: foram revistas 50 referências neste trabalho. Destas, 20 sobre neurofisiologia, 14 sobre neuroanatomia. As demais sobre fonoaudiologia e paralisia facial. Os artigos de neurofisiologia e neuroanatomia estudados foram divididos em três grupos: I - Aspectos do complexo neuromuscular; II - Características morfológicas e histoquímicas dos músculos da face e III - Denervação e atrofia muscular.
Conclusão: a partir dos achados, procurou-se sistematizar didaticamente as particularidades da neuro-anatomofisiologia, cujo conhecimento, na impressão dos autores, são relevantes para o sucesso na reabilitação da paralisia facial.
Palavras-chave
Abstract
Purpose: theoretical review on the neurophysiologic aspects of the orofacial musculature, aiming at the rehabilitation of peripheral facial paralysis.
Methods: review of the literature on neuroanatomycophysiology of orofacial musculature by means of researching articles of national and international journals and in scientific books about the theme, in the period between 1995 and 2005.
Results: we have reviewed 50 references all along this work. Out of them, 20 on neurophysiology, and 14 on neuroanatomy. The others were on speech therapy and facial paralysis. The studied articles were divided in three groups: I. Aspects of the neuromuscular compound; II. Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of the face muscles and III. Denervation and muscular atrophy.
Conclusion: from the findings, we managed to didactically systematize the particularities of the neuroanatomiophysiology, whose knowledge, under the author's point of view, is relevant for the success of the rehabilitation of facial paralysis.
Keywords
Referências
1. Esborrat LM. Paralisis facial (I Parte). Quiron. 2000; 31(1):18-35.
2. Selesnick SH, Burt BM. Regional spread of non-neurogenic tumors to the skull base via the facial nerve. Otol Neurotol. 2003; 24(2):326-33.
3. Alonso-Navarro H, Zurdo-Hernandez JM, Ortí-Pareja M, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ. Familial recurring peripheral facial palsy. Rev Neurol. 2005; 40(1):61.
4. Guedes ZCF. A atuação do fonoaudiólogo na equipe multidisciplinar de atendimento ao portador de paralisia facial periférica [doutorado]. São Paulo (SP): Universidade Federal de São Paulo; 1994.
5. Goffi-Gomez MVS, Vasconcelos LGE, Moraes MFBB. Trabalho miofuncional na paralisia facial. Arq Fund Otorrinol. 1999; 3(1):30-4.
6. Fouquet ML. Atuação fonoaudiológica nas paralisias faciais. In: Barros APB, Arakawa L, Tonini MD, Carvalho VA, organizador. Fonoaudiologia em cancerologia. São Paulo: Fundação Oncocentro; 2000. p. 99-104.
7. Altmann EBC, Vaz ACN. Paralisia facial: implicações da etiologia e das diferentes cirurgias. In: Comitê de Motricidade Orofacial da SBFa. Motricidade orofacial: como atuam os especialistas. São Paulo: Pulso; 2004. p. 187-98.
8. Bernardes DFF, Goffi-Gomez MVS, Pirana S, Bento RF. Functional profile in patients with facial paralysis treated in a myofunctional approach. Pró-Fono. 2004; 16(2):151-8.
9. Calais LL, Goffi-Gomez MVS, Bento, RF, Comerlatti LR. Avaliação funcional da mímica na paralisia facial central por acidente cerebrovascular. Pró-Fono. 2005; 17(2):213-22.
10. Guedes ZCF. Atendimento fonoaudiológico das paralisias faciais no adulto e na criança. In: Lagrotta MGM, César CPHR. A fonoaudiologia nas instituições. São Paulo: Lovise; 1997. p. 163-7.
11. Lazarini PR, Fernández AMF, Brasileiro VSB, Custódio SEV. Paralisia facial periférica por comprometimento do tronco cerebral: a propósito de um caso clínico. Rev Bras Otorrinolaringol. 2002; 68(1):140-4.
12. Seçil Y, Aydogdu I, Ertekin C. Peripheral facial palsy and dysfunction of the oropharynx. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002; 72(3):391-3.
13. Swart BJ, Verheij JC, Beurskens CH. Problems with eating and drinking in patients with unilateral peripheral facial paralysis. Dysphagia. 2003; 18(4):267-73.
14. Valls-Solé J, Montero J. Movement disorders in patients with peripheral facial palsy. Mov Disord. 2003; 18(12):1424-35.
15. Van Dijk J, Knight AE, Molloy JE, Chaussepied P. Characterization of three regulatory states of the striated muscle thin filament. J Mol Biol. 2002; 323(3):475-89.
16. Douglas CR. Fisiologia do músculo esquelético. In: Douglas CR, organizador. Fisiologia aplicada a fonoaudiologia. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 34-47.
17. Kimaid PA, Resende LA, Castro HA, Berzin F, Barreira AA. Blink reflex: comparison of latency measurements in different human races. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2002; 60(3-A):563-5.
18. Sorrentino V, Gerli R. Structure and molecular organization of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle fibers. Ital J Anat Embryol. 2003; 108(2):65-76.
19. Ruff RL. Neurophysiology of the neuromuscular junction: overview. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003; 998:1-10.
20. Douglas CR. Fisiologia do músculo esquelético e fisiologia do sistema estomatognático. In: Douglas CR, organizador. Tratado de fisiologia aplicada a fonoaudiologia. São Paulo: Robe; 2002. p. 67-80.
21. Koenen M, Peter C, Villarroel A, Witzemann V, Sakmann B. Acetylcholine receptor channel subtype directs the innervation pattern of skeletal muscle. EMBO Rep. 2005; 6(6):570-6.
22. Kondev L, Bhadelia RA, Douglass LM. Familial congenital facial palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2004; 30(5):367-70.
23. Martinez-Pena y Valenzuela I, Hume RI, Krejci E, Akaaboune M. In vivo regulation of acetylcholinesterase insertion at the neuromuscular junction. J Biol Chem. 2005; 280(36):31801-8.
24. Happak W, Liu J, Burggasser G, Flowers A, Gruber H, Freilinger G. Human facial muscles: dimensions, motor endplate distribution, and presence of muscle fibers with multiple motor endplates. Anat Rec. 1997; 249(2):276-84.
25. Castillo-Morales R. Neurofisiologia. In: Terapia de regulação orofacial. São Paulo: Mennom; 1999. p. 121.
26. McMinn RMH, Hutchings RT, Logan BM. Head, neck and vertebral column. In: McMinn RMH, Hutchings RT, Logan BM. Human anatomy. London: Manson; 1998. p. 50-5.
27. May M. The facial nerve. 2. ed. New York: May´s; 2000. p. 877.
28. Freilinger G, Happak W, Burggasser G, Gruber H. Histochemical mapping and fiber size analysis of mimic muscles. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1990; 86(3):422-8.
29. Fa Y, Gu X, Zhou S. Histochemical study and classification of facial muscles fibers. Zhonghua Zheng Xing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2000; 16(4):233-5.
30. Stal P, Eriksson PO, Eriksson A, Thornell LE. Enzyme-histochemical and morphological characteristics of muscle fibre types in the human buccinator and orbicularis oris. Arch Oral Biol. 1990; 35(6):449-58.
31. Stal P, Eriksson PO, Thornell LE. Muscle-specific enzyme activity patterns of the capillary bed of human oro-facial, masticatory and limb muscles. Histochem Cell Biol. 1995; 104(1):47-54.
32. Ren Z, Liu B, Ma X. Characteristic of facial muscle and efferent nerve on physiology and anatomy. Chin Med Sci J. 1997; 12(1):50-2.
33. Kallianen LK, Jejurikar SS, Liang LW, Urbanchek MG, Kuzon WM. A specific force deficit exists in skeletal muscle after partial denervation. Muscle Nerve. 2002; 25(1):31-8.
34. Schwarting S, Schröder M, Stennert E, Goebel HH. Morphology of denervated human facial muscles. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 1984; 46(5):248-56.
35. Salpeter MM. Neurobiology: the constant junction. Science. 1999; 286(5439):424-5.
36. Tews DS, Goebel HH, Schneider I, Gunkel A, Stennert E, Neiss WF. DNA-fragmentation and expression of apoptosis-related proteins in experimentally denervated and reinnervated rat facial muscle. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 1997; 23(2):141-9.
37. Thanos PK, Terzis JK. Motor endplate analysis of the denervated and reinnervated orbicularis oculi muscle in the rat. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1995; 11(6):423-8.
38. Keiner S, Asmussen G, Schulz R, Bootz F. Neuromuscular reinnervation of mimetic muscles: a histomorphologic study of the zygomatic muscle of the rabbit. HNO. 2000; 48(8):598-605.
39. Xiao R, Yu G, Jia H. A successive study of histopathological changes in unilateral facial muscle denervation. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2001; 36(3):177-9.
40. Wada KI, Takahashi H, Katsuta S, Soya H. No decrease in myoneuclear number after long-term denervation in mature mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physil. 2002; 283(2):C484-8.
41. Tyml K, Mathieu-Costello O. Structural and functional changes in the microvasculature of disused skeletal muscle. Front Biosci. 2001; 6:D45-52.
42. Borisov AB, Dedkov EI, Carlson BM. Interrelations of myogenic response, progressive atrophy of muscle fibers, and cell death in denervated skeletal muscle. Anat Rec. 2001; 264(2):203-18.
43. Xiao R, Yu G, Jia H, Cai Z. The expression kinetics of myogenin in facial muscle denervation. Chin J Dent Res. 2000; 3(1):7-11.
44. Tang H, Cheung WM, Ip FC, Ip NY. Identification and characterization of differentially expressed genes in denervated muscle. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2000; 16(2):127-40.
45. Naguib M, Flood P, Mc Ardle JJ, Brenner HR. Advances in neurobiology of the neuromuscular junction: implications for the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2002; 96(1):202-31.
46. Larsson L, Yu F, Hook P, Ramamurthy B, Marx JO, Arx JO, Pircher P. Effects of aging on regulation of muscle contraction at the motor unit, muscle cell, and molecular levels. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001; 11(Suppl.):S28-43.
47. Carlson BM, Borisov AB, Dedkov EI, Khalyfa A, Kostrominova TY, Macpherson PC, et al. Effects of long-term denervation on skeletal muscle in old rats. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002; 57(10):B366-74.
48. Diels HJ. Facial paralysis: is there a role for a therapist? Facial Plast Surg. 2000; 16(4):361-4.
49. Sakakima H, Yoshida Y. Effects of short duration static stretching on the denervated and reinnervated soleus muscle morphology in the rat. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003; 84(9):1339-42.
50. Beurskens CH, Heymans PG. Positive effects of mime therapy on sequelae of facial paralysis: stiffness, lip mobility, and social and physical aspects of facial disability. Otol Neurotol. 2003; 24(4):677-81.
Submetido em:
28/05/2007
Aceito em:
04/02/2008
Facebook
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
Email